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In 1877, almost 1,000 Northern Cheyenne were forced to march to Oklahoma, where they found dire conditions and many became ill and died from malaria. Known as the greatest Native American victory, 262 soldiers died in the battle, while only an estimated 60 Indian warriors were killed.įollowing the Battle of the Little Big Horn, the attempts to force the Cheyenne on to a reservation in Indian Territory intensified. In the Battle of the Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876, the Cheyenne, along with the Lakota Sioux and a small band of Arapaho, annihilated George Armstrong Custer and his troops near the Little Bighorn River. Though Chief Black Kettle had a white flag flying above his teepee, he was killed in the battle. Known as the Battle of Washita River, the Indians were legally encamped on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle, when more than 100 Cheyenne were killed, mostly women and children. Cavalry in an attack on a band of peaceful Cheyenne. After a number of communication break-downs, Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer led the 7th U.S. The Cheyenne people were then forced to move to a reservation in Oklahoma, where another skirmish occurred in the early morning hours of November 27, 1868. After the brutal massacre, the defensive battles against the encroaching white settlers and the U.S. Despite the repeated attempts to surrender, the troops slaughtered more than 150 Native American men, women, and children. While the Indians were encamped under the promised protection of Fort Lyon, Chivington led his 700 troops to Sand Creek and positioned them, along with their four howitzers, around the Indian village. This bloody battle reached its worst point at what is known as the Sand Creek Massacre, which occurred on November 29, 1864. Soon, this led to what became known as the Colorado War of 1864-1865. Indians soon began to attack wagon trains, mining camps, and stagecoach lines, a practice that increased during the Civil War, when the number of soldiers in the area was greatly decreased. The Pike’s Peak Gold Rush in 1858 brought the tension to a boiling point.Ĭheyenne on horses, Edward S. When gold was discovered in Colorado, the 1851 treaty was broken and the territory that had been ceded to them was taken away. Their peace with the Kiowa enabled them to extend their incursions farther to the south, and in 1853 they made their first raid into Mexico with disastrous results losing all but three of their men in a battle with the Mexicans.Īs more and more white settlers pushed west in the 1850s, the Cheyenne, along with their new allies, began to rebel against the pioneers, as well as the U.S. Numerous battles took place between them up until 1840 when an alliance was formed with the Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche tribes.īy the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851, the first Cheyenne territory was established in northern Colorado consisting of the present-day sites of Ft Collins, Denver, and Colorado Springs. Those who had moved to the Arkansas River found themselves in conflict with the Kiowa, who, with the Comanche, claimed the territory. However, bands of the tribe were known to have inhabited every state in the American West at various times. In 1832, the Cheyenne split into two groups, one inhabiting the Platte River near the Black Hills, and the other living near the Arkansas River further south in Colorado. Pushed farther into the plains by the hostile Sioux, the Cheyenne, in turn, drove the Kiowa tribe further south. In the 1700s, the Cheyenne acquired horses from the Spanish and became expert buffalo hunters, which was the life they were leading when Lewis and Clark encountered them in 1804 in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
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However, in the late 1600s, they began a westward migration, most likely due to competition and conflict with the Ojibwe, Arikara, and Mandan Indians.Īs they migrated southwestward, their lifestyle changed to that of nomadic hunters and gatherers.
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Here, they lived in earth-covered log houses in permanent settlements, farmed, and made pottery. Originally, the Cheyenne resided in the great lakes area in Minnesota and on the Missouri River.